{"id":"W4407444781","doi":"10.1016/j.esg.2025.100242","title":"Profit-seeking solar geoengineering exemplifies broader risks of market-based climate governance","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth System Governance","topic":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"Simons Foundation; Quadrature Climate Foundation","keywords":"Geoengineering; Corporate governance; Climate change; Natural resource economics; Business; Profit (economics); Environmental economics; Economics; Microeconomics; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000402056,0.0002870729,0.0003984982,0.00002926928,0.000128887,0.00004205158,0.0003700615,0.0001058392,0.0004165804],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006746119,0.0002907639,0.000133781,0.0004513266,0.0000723948,0.0002505155,0.0002283311,0.0001860841,0.000118719],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002051628,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000195435,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006345083,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001723215,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979634,0.00003758501,0.000494935,0.0004506818,0.0004667593,0.0005866502],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989739,0.00009867165,0.0003169001,0.0005192854,0.00001949275,0.00007174468],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002642479,0.0001146808,0.7160916,0.008105779,0.000164278,0.0001248758,0.0007108783,0.1953019,0.04057933,0.005018347,0.007356949,0.0261671],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008041821,0.00004195673,0.8079209,0.002553352,0.00004008197,0.000009093138,0.0001595089,0.145887,0.01794987,0.00000696142,0.02411364,0.0005134268],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9279005,0.004203836,0.01672579,0.0003751026,0.001595851,0.001046789,0.0003217207,0.0004526948,0.04737772],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971026,0.0002262304,0.000933609,0.00006338266,0.00006233136,0.00004498182,0.000004130492,0.00003125764,0.00153144],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09182934,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999545,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01641382074158426,"score_gpt":0.2360341324947494,"score_spread":0.2196203117531651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}