{"id":"W4407450075","doi":"10.1109/ms.2024.3510892","title":"Modeling and Digital Twins: Insights and Strategies for Software Engineers","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Software","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Software engineering; Computer science; Social software engineering; Software development; Software construction; Software; Systems engineering; Engineering; Operating system","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002426421,0.0001729221,0.0001506763,0.000125483,0.0001028383,0.0002855379,0.00007758488,0.0001291736,0.000001463788],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004161982,0.0001798372,0.00003459949,0.0001205512,0.00003736399,0.001144746,0.00001736702,0.0001292203,0.000001939112],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002891707,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003477589,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001714941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002802475,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993773,0.000001949733,0.0001983961,0.0001516027,0.00007913635,0.0001916261],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996645,0.0001007102,0.000008547156,0.0001126593,0.00004988644,0.00006372506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001696863,0.00002009679,0.0005163423,0.001682844,0.0001672436,0.000003977351,0.002824793,0.9375672,0.00006021676,0.003979861,0.001593337,0.05156709],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003396591,0.0001480053,0.0003061814,0.001354362,0.0001327795,0.00003370325,0.008971915,0.8845034,0.002039318,0.07255337,0.02468207,0.001878325],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2772272,0.0007695076,0.7193031,0.00001607853,0.000356967,0.0002161,0.0001097071,0.0007356116,0.001265657],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959754,0.00004369197,0.00370094,0.00003830122,0.00004064996,0.00005356089,0.00002548074,0.00002959906,0.00009238061],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7187482,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7333546,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01379886321277133,"score_gpt":0.2228988898950155,"score_spread":0.2091000266822441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}