{"id":"W4407567707","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88709-7","title":"Citation manipulation through citation mills and pre-print servers","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; New York University Abu Dhabi","keywords":"Citation; Computer science; Server; Information retrieval; World Wide Web; Data science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","bibliometrics","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":["bibliometrics"],"category_scores_codex":[0.02368348,0.0001236865,0.0001982592,0.02336621,0.0006393403,0.005364103,0.0004815287,0.0000999132,0.0001704028],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02159753,0.00009598189,0.00008962441,0.1046048,0.000274885,0.001303796,0.00036633,0.0001277348,0.00005424909],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001210028,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002239132,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001153159,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000465362,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9916098,0.0001733444,0.0009544673,0.00128033,0.005613836,0.0003682759],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9944907,0.001013358,0.000430866,0.001026135,0.002891008,0.0001479141],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000403075,0.0002185526,0.5422539,0.00006041974,0.00004415316,0.0001121161,0.002585661,0.001918693,0.02872547,0.01436996,0.1193473,0.2903235],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001929215,0.00003318382,0.5133958,0.00002540661,0.000009586112,0.00001798563,0.0005953054,0.008907164,0.006834319,0.4197831,0.05004666,0.0001585419],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9549095,0.000456831,0.02668448,0.0009158971,0.006770961,0.0004592662,0.000002528087,0.00003987713,0.009760655],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9836569,0.0000277323,0.002555314,0.0000701634,0.00002367259,0.00001593379,0.00002303996,0.000005147071,0.01362209],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4054132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9956684,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4510459083690589,"score_gpt":0.543189825935932,"score_spread":0.09214391756687312,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}