{"id":"W4407622852","doi":"10.1016/j.rico.2025.100538","title":"COVID-19 detection from optimized features of breathing audio signals using explainable ensemble machine learning","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Results in Control and Optimization","topic":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","field":"Medicine","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Computer Research Institute of Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Computer science; Breathing; Speech recognition; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Psychology; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009478714,0.001127571,0.001042189,0.001518421,0.0003348853,0.0007285931,0.0008683748,0.0007516078,0.0005253071],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002388275,0.0002367352,0.001043765,0.000735969,0.0002314001,0.0007757203,0.001036495,0.00102744,0.0003676945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003217536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004566196,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002797291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00394458,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994332,0.00009953031,0.00003139222,0.0002006032,0.0001311517,0.0001040557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992598,0.0002901237,0.000105537,0.0001136218,0.0001780707,0.00005282698],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004197704,0.0004340625,0.0502286,0.0001452217,0.000444783,0.000499974,0.0002065894,0.2998533,0.0335953,0.002355675,0.0064337,0.605383],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005544099,0.00005133744,0.005004263,0.000009173842,0.00002896902,0.00006840368,0.00002608554,0.9898497,0.003271793,0.001059093,0.0006116026,0.00001412188],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2455107,0.001161645,0.7488047,0.000250395,0.0001138757,0.00007903176,0.0007547693,0.001962684,0.001362302],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9027182,0.0003201039,0.09235946,0.00009720208,0.00008740552,0.00008195577,0.003019687,0.00009244832,0.001223552],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002797291,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005562067,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01713243551622197,"score_gpt":0.3000746493858339,"score_spread":0.2829422138696119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}