{"id":"W4407675829","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03711","title":"Impact of Impurities on Nickel Sulfate Crystallization and Strategies for Removal: Advancing Toward Battery-Grade Nickel Sulfate Production","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Hatch (Canada); University of Toronto","funders":"Hatch; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Nickel; Sulfate; Crystallization; Battery (electricity); Impurity; Chemistry; Production (economics); Inorganic chemistry; Materials science; Metallurgy; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005389996,0.0002210828,0.0002649754,0.000248158,0.00009923277,0.0001494858,0.0001486279,0.0002548263,0.00002293152],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006721311,0.0002314288,0.00007921637,0.0005535328,0.00006372857,0.0003518818,0.0000320633,0.0005593941,0.000001067808],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002483307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002523632,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002984075,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000221021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985564,0.00002322088,0.0004000173,0.0003003756,0.0002974972,0.0004224369],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990898,0.0002583956,0.00004799356,0.0002213677,0.0002903857,0.000092009],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009388643,0.00002856226,0.00007799805,0.0007999052,0.00007593624,0.000001598113,0.0001119338,0.2428343,0.7520759,0.0001340549,0.003111279,0.0006546495],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00110139,0.0001133552,0.0002276666,0.0004964447,0.00002153408,0.00001561633,0.0006686922,0.03930415,0.9524392,0.0002996149,0.005014009,0.0002983022],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944518,0.0004066442,0.002777197,0.0002380627,0.000362565,0.0004487632,0.00004103221,0.0002517177,0.001022209],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976212,0.0002454447,0.0001065503,0.000002041923,0.000330064,0.00008659264,0.00005577881,0.00004122784,0.001511103],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2035301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9437393,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07741925437537121,"score_gpt":0.3724320031918829,"score_spread":0.2950127488165116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}