{"id":"W4407716613","doi":"10.56687/9781447371564-004","title":"1 Ineffective policies: causes and consequences of bad policy decisions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Policy Press eBooks","topic":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; York University; Bishop's University","keywords":"Business; Natural resource economics; Public economics; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003404691,0.0004574999,0.0008928623,0.0007600153,0.0009814735,0.00008166457,0.0004779535,0.000642954,0.000007964814],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00244443,0.0003869282,0.0002678266,0.00007691525,0.005227741,0.00007622328,0.0004608423,0.0003891527,0.000004098602],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000223679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002167596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2371598,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008394126,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977177,0.0001624474,0.0005487163,0.0004264794,0.0005323154,0.0006123343],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970189,0.001656891,0.0004339164,0.0003485577,0.0003054973,0.0002362329],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000020253,0.000008804644,0.00002185858,0.00006393896,0.0002960004,0.000002861709,0.02094553,3.418388e-7,0.00001963038,0.9677666,0.002422211,0.008431961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003188536,0.00007828057,0.0001931856,0.000691037,0.0001779603,0.00000269653,0.0008712874,3.477127e-7,0.0004245568,0.6191441,0.3776211,0.0004766281],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001890909,0.001416098,0.000004241764,0.002565898,0.0002025736,0.0007531264,0.000527179,0.0001095038,0.9942323],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03539113,0.00988673,0.00004680754,0.001143906,0.002818834,0.00007912351,0.000005099876,0.0000452342,0.9505832],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3751989,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998583,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07578016587094612,"score_gpt":0.3884630255821513,"score_spread":0.3126828597112052,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}