{"id":"W4407798185","doi":"10.1177/00220221251317950","title":"Cultural Variation in Attitudes Toward Social Chatbots","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Conversation; Psychology; Cultural diversity; Variation (astronomy); Chatbot; Social psychology; Cultural values; Cultural background; Developmental psychology; Sociology; Demography; Gender studies; Communication; Anthropology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002545104,0.0001692514,0.0002082644,0.0009242817,0.0006467861,0.001228001,0.0002186547,0.0002477402,0.00194987],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007471922,0.0001610403,0.0002492468,0.0006215557,0.0008807279,0.0004264306,0.0007756345,0.0004434014,0.0001601943],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003342502,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002355729,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006092241,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009105743,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986191,0.0006529324,0.0001453339,0.0001819933,0.000298097,0.0001025161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9930264,0.00309956,0.001600592,0.0005466412,0.0009822126,0.0007446365],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001734629,0.0001037081,0.9452698,0.00005350281,0.0001662716,0.0001615201,0.04059567,0.00007343991,0.001751373,0.0002984588,0.0001560732,0.01119672],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004658349,0.0001139857,0.9796744,0.00002545383,0.00003665012,0.0001860665,0.01864413,0.0001723594,0.00038532,0.0001032963,0.0006403686,0.00001342428],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989729,0.00007159675,0.00006542019,0.00001786985,0.000003774685,0.000003942327,0.00001587855,0.000001007323,0.0008475318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997111,0.00004934144,0.00003862442,0.00001664179,0.000001693866,0.000003460882,0.00002137364,0.000001205142,0.00015661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006092241,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01345998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05426308110781305,"score_gpt":0.4735416416043825,"score_spread":0.4192785604965695,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}