{"id":"W4407867184","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02599","title":"Valorization of date palm residues for biochar production: Assessing biochar characteristics for agricultural application","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific African","topic":"Date Palm Research Studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"BIO (Canada)","funders":"European Commission","keywords":"Biochar; Palm; Agriculture; Charcoal; Environmental science; Production (economics); Agroforestry; Agricultural productivity; Agronomy; Waste management; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Biology; Engineering; Ecology; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000764053,0.0001175776,0.000187826,0.00004947723,0.0007526331,0.000217565,0.0002966283,0.00004669376,0.00001287386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004940901,0.00004908995,0.00008102974,0.001089436,0.0002527032,0.0001856967,0.00009358994,0.00004266121,0.000006083144],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002921319,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002614435,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001791975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000722529,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986508,0.00003521561,0.000290767,0.000508106,0.0002341615,0.0002809731],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987673,0.000151672,0.0001966525,0.0001162656,0.0007227957,0.00004527743],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002420114,0.00006704716,0.001351893,0.00008422546,0.00001886735,2.95619e-8,0.00009456632,0.000001427148,0.9529283,0.002288338,0.005679335,0.03746179],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002555842,0.0002178976,0.2708286,0.0001320282,0.00006558394,6.406309e-7,0.003552499,0.000191499,0.5767009,0.002617365,0.1450849,0.0003525233],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9899145,0.0001628197,0.002205426,0.00387492,0.0009660582,0.001608002,0.0008593969,0.00007457707,0.0003343365],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947844,0.0000166859,0.0007874704,0.00001172554,0.0002635127,0.0003162219,0.001484618,0.00000107487,0.00233426],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3762274,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5788721,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03237007148322293,"score_gpt":0.2965849548932125,"score_spread":0.2642148834099896,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}