{"id":"W4407872525","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5135237","title":"Formal Causation in the Law","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Merck Canada Inc. (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Philosophy; Law; Political science; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009102482,0.000506882,0.001059113,0.002387177,0.004761017,0.006672632,0.001264227,0.004512416,0.009345144],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02045879,0.0006044616,0.001025836,0.001633864,0.02662076,0.00940165,0.003398889,0.005400201,0.0006653195],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005046226,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005311328,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007402369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004392424,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939333,0.003488977,0.0002313844,0.0008345147,0.0009544528,0.000557375],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9835132,0.01245315,0.0009130995,0.001614853,0.001100915,0.000404766],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001730562,0.000004412509,0.00008852725,0.000006537543,0.000003312323,0.00001274269,0.0001202272,0.0001155527,0.000008433979,0.9985905,0.0005049172,0.0005431699],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000496154,0.000001748956,0.00006041385,0.000009746098,0.000002247423,0.00001046194,0.00005017256,0.000248993,0.00001281228,0.9968059,0.002790727,0.000001856857],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.07564303,0.01733375,0.1801702,0.1335288,0.001954646,0.000204342,0.0004990996,0.0001915542,0.5904746],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9666173,0.002313341,0.009170859,0.00326804,0.000952863,0.0001662464,0.0001012025,0.00004568136,0.0173644],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009345144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0481391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009164324274295232,"score_gpt":0.300481924736402,"score_spread":0.2913176004621067,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}