{"id":"W4407897445","doi":"10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103271","title":"Machine learning in wastewater: opportunities and challenges — “not everything is a nail!”","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","topic":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Nail (fastener); Wastewater; Computer science; Environmental science; Engineering; Waste management; Mechanical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006816913,0.0005474102,0.001313722,0.001150895,0.00008549316,0.00003758897,0.0008828365,0.001288758,0.00003668676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002579215,0.0004953823,0.0001153728,0.000573641,0.0005588437,0.0001461639,0.00255043,0.001942386,0.0000460131],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004316638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004525007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001651323,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001847541,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970675,0.0003043913,0.0008440872,0.0009801057,0.0002267778,0.0005771387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988207,0.0002094552,0.0002996844,0.0006224685,0.000004426705,0.00004325466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002824319,0.00004869764,0.0001793547,0.01346759,0.00001110937,0.000005331467,0.0002241161,0.000002005965,0.000001053637,0.001102848,0.0001269955,0.9848281],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001749611,0.00006074912,0.00003640809,0.01858364,0.00001825839,0.00002248761,0.0002378341,0.00002883577,0.00004362075,0.0006895016,0.9796622,0.0004415457],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000145516,0.9924092,0.000004861595,0.004638471,0.001687886,0.0005372669,0.00002653696,0.0004789575,0.00007127062],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001071147,0.9992245,0.000239136,0.00000655048,0.00004003345,0.000197335,0.00004008305,0.00003158633,0.0001136644],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9843865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997498,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.237672466177047,"score_gpt":0.3664149655154229,"score_spread":0.1287424993383759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}