{"id":"W4408026461","doi":"10.1007/s10459-025-10420-z","title":"On concepts, constructs, measures, metrics, and the variable necessity of definitions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"Advances in Health Sciences Education","topic":"Innovations in Medical Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Conflation; Key (lock); Variable (mathematics); Epistemology; Computer science; Management science; Knowledge management; Data science; Psychology; Mathematics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.07135781,0.0008990459,0.002377733,0.002071395,0.007235507,0.01085339,0.004124058,0.04801363,0.003320998],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1901058,0.0009052042,0.001233322,0.002205754,0.04731108,0.02083678,0.006992582,0.08801401,0.001728437],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01079477,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01099036,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01052779,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0118877,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9397048,0.03739305,0.004854436,0.00464364,0.01160528,0.001798657],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6248897,0.3468574,0.005162953,0.004766782,0.01513017,0.003192986],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008892456,0.00004642129,0.0009379653,0.000125964,0.00002424353,0.0007022389,0.002637848,0.0001925721,0.0001425734,0.48818,0.4860968,0.02082427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009851751,0.00003144125,0.0007573058,0.0009795045,0.00002298138,0.0008467553,0.003314258,0.001226756,0.0001622288,0.6046271,0.3878203,0.0001128936],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004088703,0.001725719,0.001170869,0.9914221,0.003091485,0.000007586892,0.00002268218,0.000006647727,0.002143976],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01940423,0.002443299,0.004457729,0.9432492,0.0276545,0.0001291314,0.00003201289,0.00004716099,0.002582815],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9286422,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3773807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03088584939435744,"score_gpt":0.3947417948237694,"score_spread":0.3638559454294119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}