{"id":"W4408028227","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5147002","title":"Privacy and Data Collection, Evidence from Apple's App Tracking Transparency","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Transparency (behavior); Internet privacy; Tracking (education); Data collection; Business; Computer science; Computer security; Psychology; Mathematics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1420379,0.0004494313,0.0007652887,0.002706133,0.00754457,0.01535577,0.002000411,0.008339445,0.007634157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4977113,0.001105293,0.0009626261,0.004536956,0.01881397,0.01506653,0.007434764,0.01201488,0.001244704],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004909336,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01306644,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01679331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01082884,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8403533,0.08850146,0.01079954,0.01005385,0.04491708,0.005374722],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.1835314,0.6914062,0.04616493,0.05825939,0.018373,0.002265103],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005847939,0.0007320241,0.2002294,0.001257273,0.0005629974,0.001258151,0.08468551,0.001408284,0.001950577,0.4936741,0.04931811,0.1590757],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001367714,0.001123467,0.2129781,0.004810245,0.001501873,0.004340633,0.03175933,0.008890307,0.01698171,0.5073916,0.2083281,0.0005269553],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5000389,0.006290828,0.03265996,0.1697233,0.0007246262,0.0006436271,0.002218973,0.0002870504,0.2874128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9806218,0.00086137,0.003892067,0.00886528,0.0002581857,0.0001756905,0.0001915242,0.00005902858,0.005075075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1420379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7511771,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06357408970248217,"score_gpt":0.3518064942030739,"score_spread":0.2882324045005917,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}