{"id":"W4408110706","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00397-6","title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","field":"Medicine","cited_by":329,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Human Genome Research Institute; Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council; Science and Engineering Research Board; Medical Research Council; Madda Walabu University; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Masarykova Univerzita; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; National Health and Medical Research Council; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences; Shaqra University; China Medical University; University of Dhaka; Göteborgs Universitet; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences; Lung Foundation Australia; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Universiteit Stellenbosch; Science and Technology Development Fund; Ateneo de Manila University; King Abdulaziz University; Deakin University; University College London; Indian Council of Medical Research; Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Ain Shams University; University of Tasmania; Division of Mathematical Sciences; Wellcome Trust; Trường Đại học Duy Tân; Taibah University; Sydney Medical School; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences; The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance; National Institute for Health and Care Research; AstraZeneca; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; European Commission; Asia University; University of New South Wales; Jawaharlal Nehru University; National Institutes of Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology; Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute; University of Tsukuba; SRM Institute of Science and Technology; South African Medical Research Council; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Taipei Medical University; Ministero della Salute; Nankai University; RMIT University; Fresenius Medical Care North America; King's College London; Charles Sturt University; University of Sydney; Tsinghua University; International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society; Shahrekord University; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Eli Lilly and Company; Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie \"Carol Davila\" Bucureşti; Academy of Scientific Research and Technology; Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación; Jazan University; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; University of Pretoria; Amgen; State Government of Victoria; Sanofi","keywords":"Overweight; Obesity; Medicine; Environmental health; Burden of disease; Disease; Pediatrics; Internal medicine; Population","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003845083,0.0001577538,0.0004215479,0.00002460369,0.0001462552,0.0000260814,0.000171212,0.0000206567,0.000003687212],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001987485,0.00008920159,0.00003549411,0.0002860499,0.0001791797,0.00006214145,0.0003433828,0.0000881042,1.800995e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005397263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006393882,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001214975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002007563,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988049,0.00007935661,0.0001852476,0.0003163858,0.0004314358,0.0001827349],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990392,0.0002452308,0.0001086553,0.0003225339,0.0001902013,0.00009418347],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001596161,0.003362346,0.9891785,0.0007496247,0.0002629841,0.000003157427,0.0003486245,0.00004185444,0.000003312999,0.001249308,0.001938428,0.001265647],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003020537,0.001094534,0.9903061,0.0006612425,0.0005185145,0.000007613656,0.00060262,0.001186818,0.000005719754,0.002282272,0.0002295043,0.00008453561],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9902104,0.0008468715,0.0000450076,0.005777533,0.00002769557,0.002515554,0.000253073,0.000007113362,0.0003167891],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990796,0.00008829407,0.00009155819,0.0003381816,0.000273992,0.00006809795,0.000004026841,0.000006121932,0.00005016038],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008869205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3637535,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03145001364767489,"score_gpt":0.3076349776471873,"score_spread":0.2761849639995124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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