{"id":"W4408110706","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00397-6","title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","field":"Medicine","cited_by":329,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Human Genome Research Institute; Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council; Science and Engineering Research Board; Medical Research Council; Madda Walabu University; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Masarykova Univerzita; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; National Health and Medical Research Council; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences; Shaqra University; China Medical University; University of Dhaka; Göteborgs Universitet; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences; Lung Foundation Australia; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Universiteit Stellenbosch; Science and Technology Development Fund; Ateneo de Manila University; King Abdulaziz University; Deakin University; University College London; Indian Council of Medical Research; Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Ain Shams University; University of Tasmania; Division of Mathematical Sciences; Wellcome Trust; Trường Đại học Duy Tân; Taibah University; Sydney Medical School; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences; The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance; National Institute for Health and Care Research; AstraZeneca; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; European Commission; Asia University; University of New South Wales; Jawaharlal Nehru University; National Institutes of Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology; Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute; University of Tsukuba; SRM Institute of Science and Technology; South African Medical Research Council; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Taipei Medical University; Ministero della Salute; Nankai University; RMIT University; Fresenius Medical Care North America; King's College London; Charles Sturt University; University of Sydney; Tsinghua University; International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society; Shahrekord University; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Eli Lilly and Company; Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie \"Carol Davila\" Bucureşti; Academy of Scientific Research and Technology; Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación; Jazan University; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; University of Pretoria; Amgen; State Government of Victoria; Sanofi","keywords":"Overweight; Obesity; Medicine; Environmental health; Burden of disease; Disease; Pediatrics; Internal medicine; Population","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004559363,0.000570872,0.0003185418,0.001269915,0.0002190894,0.0008223977,0.0007292128,0.0005366348,0.001048547],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006724359,0.0003423726,0.001431914,0.002623998,0.0002568822,0.001347336,0.000851349,0.0009633142,0.0004372512],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001595228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001077496,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1005627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05936536,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992253,0.0002769583,0.00007116053,0.0002210369,0.000114015,0.00009159913],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976305,0.0007496934,0.0006716691,0.0002392972,0.0005676658,0.0001411309],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001622489,0.0000465993,0.9350635,0.0001244521,0.0002501944,0.0001326217,0.0004282285,0.04495584,0.000148739,0.001493775,0.00693189,0.01026197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003596943,0.00009550655,0.8366967,0.0001848163,0.0002047987,0.0002078525,0.00127081,0.1522397,0.0002539059,0.002246601,0.006506866,0.00005640995],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9366446,0.001897038,0.00785692,0.002134551,0.0001148042,0.00008789315,0.04797224,0.0002033319,0.003088689],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9597755,0.0009287972,0.003722225,0.0001207968,0.00004394121,0.0001047823,0.03487656,0.00002915309,0.0003982275],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1005627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1999547,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03145001364767489,"score_gpt":0.3076349776471873,"score_spread":0.2761849639995124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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