{"id":"W4408168455","doi":"10.1016/j.rset.2025.100106","title":"Integrated planning and operation of power systems: Flexibility in high penetration of wind and solar","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition","topic":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Penetration (warfare); Flexibility (engineering); Wind power; Environmental science; Electric power system; Solar wind; Computer science; Aerospace engineering; Systems engineering; Marine engineering; Engineering; Electrical engineering; Power (physics); Physics; Operations research; Economics; Plasma","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003301013,0.0001364322,0.0002695791,0.0003403416,0.0000567377,0.00004007123,0.00002791423,0.0001724208,0.000002690061],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001686986,0.0001377787,0.00001342101,0.0003437011,0.00004457164,0.0003590554,0.000008004875,0.00006507074,1.379568e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008690363,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005474831,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01150556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002596658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991006,0.00008159051,0.0003871137,0.0001816052,0.00007888799,0.0001702385],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996259,0.00003466721,0.00004286951,0.0000986809,0.0001707064,0.00002722926],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005440019,0.00001804664,0.0003121235,0.0007611918,0.00002895188,0.000003557999,0.0006600812,0.9741926,0.01121866,0.01252563,0.00001763491,0.0002071873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001129354,0.0001477596,0.001834184,0.0006991578,0.00004276504,0.000007390195,0.01013588,0.9371126,0.04735743,0.001047911,0.0002653809,0.0002201284],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7734979,0.002832202,0.2220679,0.00002235438,0.00006279055,0.0001486794,0.000006710506,0.00004101165,0.001320434],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990819,0.0003009744,0.0002328479,0.000008583043,0.000005257138,0.00001030721,0.0000814996,0.00001201389,0.0002666477],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2255839,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9950769,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003957041240990166,"score_gpt":0.1935465620803964,"score_spread":0.1895895208394062,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}