{"id":"W4408194678","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5167394","title":"MANAGING PROCUREMENT AUCTION FAILURE: BID REQUIREMENTS OR RESERVE PRICES?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Public Procurement and Policy","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Procurement; Proxy bid; Business; Unique bid auction; Vickrey auction; Reserve requirement; Commerce; Industrial organization; Finance; Economics; Bidding; Monetary economics; Auction theory; Marketing; Central bank; Monetary policy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004298755,0.000712789,0.0005949545,0.00155986,0.0007060312,0.00167991,0.001709603,0.0003803558,0.0002940679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002946968,0.0006059724,0.0003608692,0.001064557,0.00005490669,0.002008331,0.001780258,0.004736937,0.0001587778],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002604941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004003712,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001131501,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006222987,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9932163,0.0000498856,0.00101952,0.000826031,0.001164602,0.003723627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971429,0.00002399025,0.001537748,0.0006595282,0.0005889043,0.00004696197],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001466266,0.0009790942,0.007175231,0.004816482,0.004898242,0.00004899723,0.0003357169,0.001070824,0.0002594695,0.7269905,0.1264169,0.1255423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001869205,0.00008737454,0.0003630293,0.000978424,0.0005939045,0.00004036977,0.0006519105,0.001745173,0.00003483897,0.6163011,0.3762802,0.001054538],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.100556,0.02930519,0.1187038,0.2872337,0.03275091,0.0176545,0.0001023616,0.004747792,0.4089457],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8079305,0.0178426,0.001337036,0.009351363,0.04632075,0.0008796629,0.0008300749,0.0004357129,0.1150723],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7073745,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996392,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03121207801499622,"score_gpt":0.2891184629447843,"score_spread":0.2579063849297881,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}