{"id":"W4408246396","doi":"10.1111/desc.13617","title":"Do Young Children Use Verbal Disfluency as a Cue to Their Own Confidence?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developmental Science","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Algoma University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Psychology; Metacognition; Verbal fluency test; Low Confidence; Fluency; Confidence interval; Cognitive psychology; Perception; Cognition; Developmental psychology; Social psychology; Statistics; Neuropsychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006902762,0.0002549302,0.000211306,0.0003959534,0.0005618091,0.0004515586,0.0009835978,0.00006921605,0.0007681318],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002021753,0.0002088148,0.00004706786,0.00192594,0.0003479329,0.0004945036,0.0003887534,0.0001725702,0.001672447],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004168673,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006904927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009421759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003498129,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974524,0.00004946936,0.0003919275,0.0008926475,0.0004782687,0.0007353109],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990836,0.00008561178,0.00006453292,0.0003807461,0.0001062686,0.0002792053],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008857604,0.00019797,0.8155756,0.000006509628,0.00008858472,0.00004507748,0.04614919,0.000003360144,0.006093327,0.04216473,0.01314507,0.076442],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003136377,0.00003548402,0.9738383,0.0001173457,0.000004761729,0.0001253848,0.001430779,0.000002650467,0.003591706,0.0006935066,0.01950655,0.0003399223],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9218501,0.00005862249,0.0003468451,0.0003425698,0.001515854,0.0004152438,0.00001417161,0.0000998973,0.07535668],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9809141,0.000006454704,0.0029954,0.001815803,0.00002833561,0.00009432772,0.00001016279,0.00001080203,0.0141246],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1582627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991049,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01455266743043174,"score_gpt":0.3150713099093388,"score_spread":0.300518642478907,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}