{"id":"W4408319719","doi":"10.1002/acp.70026","title":"What Drives Student Engagement and Learning in Video Lectures? An Investigation of Instructor Visibility, Playback Speed, and Student Preferences","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","topic":"Innovations in Educational Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Visibility; Psychology; Student engagement; Mathematics education; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002155652,0.0001570344,0.0002709905,0.0003479278,0.0002336479,0.001514692,0.0002483215,0.0004029008,0.002879714],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02163506,0.0001296631,0.0002873158,0.000239779,0.000296223,0.0004950798,0.0004932181,0.0004947777,0.0002465067],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000319993,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002917064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006329927,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00100656,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983879,0.0007435173,0.0001184835,0.0001998491,0.0003681625,0.0001820779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9787626,0.01417987,0.003946488,0.0004042647,0.001024589,0.001682271],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002234252,0.002235221,0.9029091,0.0002369271,0.0001736192,0.000193984,0.004875553,0.0006111838,0.03497935,0.0002213101,0.0002177405,0.0511118],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003549944,0.001627516,0.9876515,0.00003188097,0.00007011782,0.000104843,0.002962328,0.002228303,0.004646419,0.0002096768,0.0004097869,0.00002201874],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9990428,0.00002579249,0.0003260466,0.00002176163,0.000002301532,0.00001517207,0.00001295613,0.00000312162,0.000550084],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999503,0.00001957674,0.0002504673,0.00001006067,0.000003206511,0.00001451817,0.00001579341,0.000002827176,0.0001804984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002879714,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01140028,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06981464869608357,"score_gpt":0.4753306503040896,"score_spread":0.405516001608006,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}