{"id":"W4408460092","doi":"10.5194/essd-17-965-2025","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2024","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth system science data","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":517,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Tula Foundation; Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"National Centre for Earth Observation; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology; Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; Ocean Acidification Program; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers; European Research Council; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Integrated Carbon Observation System; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Helmholtz Association; Natural Environment Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Sorbonne Université; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; U.S. Department of Education; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Flotte Océanographique Française; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; Japan Science and Technology Agency; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer; Tula Foundation; Royal Society; National Science Foundation; European Space Agency; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; European Commission; National Center for Atmospheric Research","keywords":"Carbon fibers; Environmental science; Geology; Computer science; Algorithm","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007790591,0.000145954,0.0001424169,0.000009981886,0.0002743171,0.00009425185,0.002034761,0.00005281284,0.0002279089],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000371295,0.0001274151,0.0000210352,0.001278996,0.00090049,0.0005048402,0.002558461,0.00008064735,0.0003837451],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003903214,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006291708,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001658566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002196736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978542,0.00003048892,0.0002191422,0.0007806754,0.0006816194,0.0004339186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982932,0.00001213611,0.00005931946,0.001490261,0.000003892118,0.0001412321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001981269,0.000113997,0.9139774,0.00005915698,0.00002053008,0.00004743029,0.0001287926,0.03319101,0.001392565,0.003581994,0.0106861,0.03678114],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000331692,0.00004226791,0.4183863,0.00008274049,0.00003327319,0.00004219582,0.001231409,0.5212929,0.00006822028,0.0001288603,0.05796041,0.0003997287],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6230118,0.000117156,0.01097847,0.0002515535,0.001876747,0.0003887461,0.0001131254,0.0001495306,0.3631129],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9881864,0.000006989649,0.006518541,0.0001708023,0.00002575283,0.000005385205,0.00001600436,0.000004624293,0.005065505],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4955911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5195838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008104454337872923,"score_gpt":0.2348098511325354,"score_spread":0.2267053967946625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}