{"id":"W4408460092","doi":"10.5194/essd-17-965-2025","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2024","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth system science data","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":517,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Tula Foundation; Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"National Centre for Earth Observation; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology; Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; Ocean Acidification Program; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers; European Research Council; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Integrated Carbon Observation System; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Helmholtz Association; Natural Environment Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Sorbonne Université; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; U.S. Department of Education; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Flotte Océanographique Française; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; Japan Science and Technology Agency; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer; Tula Foundation; Royal Society; National Science Foundation; European Space Agency; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; European Commission; National Center for Atmospheric Research","keywords":"Carbon fibers; Environmental science; Geology; Computer science; Algorithm","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001284104,0.001906377,0.0008458017,0.001636952,0.0006635076,0.002725231,0.001072575,0.002263278,0.1451916],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001492356,0.0004062713,0.0007099295,0.003489818,0.0004986763,0.002502622,0.001627861,0.002048302,0.09266378],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003553593,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007132465,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03203533,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01480974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995018,0.00007581115,0.0000235779,0.00008907003,0.0002069742,0.0001027786],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994428,0.00003198897,0.0000363429,0.00005009234,0.0003706106,0.00006812513],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002071475,0.00003961182,0.0008803219,0.0009454531,0.00007283047,0.0000897905,0.00003843211,0.001202867,0.001262884,0.02929415,0.7505857,0.2153807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001726633,0.00001197165,0.0005643013,0.0001134724,0.000008059587,0.00002044714,0.00001716733,0.0001416531,0.0001579074,0.002835293,0.9961062,0.000006193926],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.003326307,0.02205687,0.006685734,0.03217199,0.01543994,0.0005157304,0.2647769,0.002956115,0.6520703],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06559502,0.03509213,0.02362437,0.01804668,0.002914866,0.003230399,0.2738643,0.001911154,0.5757211],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1451916,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4857144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008104454337872923,"score_gpt":0.2348098511325354,"score_spread":0.2267053967946625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}