{"id":"W4408518753","doi":"10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100543","title":"Adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: The case of the savannah zone of Ghana","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainable Futures","topic":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"World Bank Group; Ministry of Agriculture and Food","keywords":"Adaptation (eye); Climate change adaptation; Climate change; Geography; Agroforestry; Agricultural economics; Environmental science; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Economics; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004261722,0.0001392601,0.0001760454,0.00001624008,0.0003368721,0.00007789073,0.0002227561,0.00008959849,0.00004758516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001452612,0.00003831497,0.00006081914,0.0006827458,0.0001485558,0.0001486623,0.0002069523,0.0001024304,2.931271e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000351377,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001679356,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005087252,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004886516,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990063,0.0001489656,0.0001969953,0.000206601,0.0001182153,0.0003229446],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992868,0.0002039058,0.0001200188,0.0001084851,0.0002297201,0.00005112182],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008945626,0.001118385,0.01339407,0.0034444,0.0003609578,0.0001942521,0.06032663,0.0003594682,0.2106106,0.1896899,0.06142245,0.4581844],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002531674,0.0003098195,0.1023118,0.00009711443,0.00009506765,0.00003135821,0.8727521,0.00007571712,0.003132387,0.002792175,0.01791078,0.0002384906],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9833533,0.0009207091,0.000004943573,0.01397079,0.00008841012,0.0008313032,0.0001427745,0.00001827196,0.0006694648],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986734,0.0001268834,0.00001454448,0.00058382,0.00007357817,0.00004955721,0.00001218622,9.438494e-7,0.0004650972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8124255,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7690437,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02183472863937919,"score_gpt":0.2481038398610597,"score_spread":0.2262691112216805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}