{"id":"W4408519911","doi":"10.1016/j.dte.2025.100040","title":"A comprehensive review of Digital Twin technologies in smart cities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Digital engineering.","topic":"Smart Cities and Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Computer science; Data science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003693598,0.0006613488,0.002268354,0.0008981803,0.00001042692,0.0001007009,0.0006526277,0.0004427095,0.000006405707],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003844297,0.0006112031,0.0005000403,0.001162973,0.000107619,0.0003123445,0.0003271223,0.0005703504,0.00002098629],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001432388,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006654515,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001349319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.657228e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981501,0.000003935705,0.0009115104,0.0003107167,0.0001919456,0.0004317604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988629,0.0003358294,0.0000961292,0.0006242326,0.00005308568,0.00002781947],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[3.586001e-7,0.00001098693,0.000005306073,0.3582538,0.0001148898,0.00002149983,0.000004922745,0.0001174916,5.216599e-8,0.0004242217,0.001518011,0.6395285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006056268,0.00001918596,0.000001168444,0.1560482,0.00005891143,0.00001921112,0.00006061905,0.00007699659,0.000003760542,0.00006623096,0.8431488,0.000436371],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000007273864,0.9906801,0.0001133256,0.00001395131,0.0003487366,0.0006224209,0.0006268248,0.002379558,0.005207795],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001656008,0.9990601,0.00008645561,0.000004400859,0.00001751972,0.0002297395,0.0002254425,0.00008197642,0.0001287547],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8416308,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996339,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01730565110957811,"score_gpt":0.2374080989612584,"score_spread":0.2201024478516803,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}