{"id":"W4408529253","doi":"10.3390/info16030235","title":"AI Chatbots in Education: Challenges and Opportunities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Data science; Knowledge management; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008964678,0.00004089536,0.00004183478,0.0002416139,0.00003500247,0.0001011749,0.0001543027,0.00002788715,0.000004670403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000012982,0.00004254469,0.000006968749,0.00009124385,0.000009785131,0.003947108,0.00007644821,0.00005949924,0.00002583682],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003572748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001237373,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002670408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003477541,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99967,0.00001237183,0.0001492398,0.00004778253,0.00005987854,0.00006069026],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996847,0.00003008701,0.00003872564,0.0001531444,0.00007653319,0.00001682864],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.644042e-7,0.000008199282,0.00002560454,0.00002527164,0.000001304599,9.286877e-8,0.003634825,0.000007853557,8.280061e-7,0.405185,0.0009702297,0.5901402],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000242456,0.00002704121,0.03725092,0.0002380315,0.000002914241,0.00002017726,0.007698785,0.03476799,0.0001558665,0.05057434,0.8688507,0.0001707859],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02395772,0.00471811,0.1084099,0.3257123,0.003512307,0.0004943826,0.000002442178,0.0003652341,0.5328276],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9729939,0.00280289,0.003785327,0.01969145,0.00003675363,0.00009088429,0.0000104293,0.000001956705,0.0005863764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9490362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2861558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03238469039645388,"score_gpt":0.2920414706660354,"score_spread":0.2596567802695816,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}