{"id":"W4408529253","doi":"10.3390/info16030235","title":"AI Chatbots in Education: Challenges and Opportunities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Data science; Knowledge management; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02621386,0.0007114828,0.0007332234,0.002508931,0.006218893,0.01798899,0.003240665,0.007323677,0.005220398],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0394612,0.0007326911,0.0005613738,0.002701238,0.01218821,0.03429804,0.008841924,0.007363546,0.001601744],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007299477,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01036123,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003691422,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00434771,"domain_scores_codex":[0.97811,0.01487233,0.001331497,0.001368116,0.003026211,0.001291799],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9359196,0.05048104,0.002774073,0.001853183,0.006125852,0.002846188],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009459984,0.0001674388,0.00251202,0.007823471,0.00002492394,0.0007847627,0.04863341,0.0007987181,0.0005444185,0.5019534,0.03423622,0.4024266],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001320763,0.0001327532,0.001322544,0.01286818,0.00002134821,0.000796006,0.04646941,0.001090954,0.0006389263,0.06514185,0.8714328,0.0000720379],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.03508001,0.4495352,0.05453372,0.3429357,0.00554725,0.0003301664,0.0001919532,0.0005209452,0.1113252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5335196,0.3243348,0.04904755,0.05270656,0.003837629,0.001271211,0.0002601125,0.0003998714,0.03462266],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02621386,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1386338,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03238469039645388,"score_gpt":0.2920414706660354,"score_spread":0.2596567802695816,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}