{"id":"W4408549197","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.70022","title":"Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy/laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (<scp>LIBS</scp>/<scp>LA</scp>‐<scp>ICPMS</scp>) for the forensic screening and discrimination of lead‐free solders","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","topic":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Queen's University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Laser ablation; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Materials science; Neutron activation analysis; Mass spectrometry; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Certified reference materials; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Chemistry; Laser; Detection limit; Chromatography; Radiochemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002470541,0.0006110269,0.0009277369,0.001300904,0.0006879224,0.0004539046,0.001023646,0.0003323244,0.000004815894],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004008328,0.0004688008,0.0003500571,0.002212142,0.0006316496,0.001257071,0.0001379071,0.0008155744,0.000004366703],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002621837,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003675344,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007458992,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003676064,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957973,0.0001230803,0.001196587,0.0006085499,0.001242982,0.001031443],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9912497,0.006680397,0.0008062362,0.0004582711,0.0005229466,0.0002824823],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008085873,0.0001692111,0.002433674,0.0003488331,0.0008709628,0.00003338719,0.004570523,0.03513872,0.9303755,0.003039188,0.01716862,0.005770504],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002376544,0.00116131,0.01216432,0.000520607,0.0004304343,0.0001076597,0.01221452,0.1847952,0.7797279,0.005891779,0.0004701542,0.0001396119],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9346223,0.0003345865,0.05987035,0.0005105262,0.001591421,0.0008206203,0.00005825545,0.00009426648,0.002097618],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9656705,0.0001951055,0.03310391,0.0001268828,0.0004366985,0.00003127865,0.00001227625,0.00006038957,0.0003629901],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1506477,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997764,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02046700743932274,"score_gpt":0.2623801398957146,"score_spread":0.2419131324563918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}