{"id":"W4408588719","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.097","title":"Fugitive emissions from a residential natural gas system and appliances operating on hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) fuels","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Natural gas; Fugitive emissions; Environmental science; Waste management; Renewable natural gas; Oil and natural gas; Natural (archaeology); Hydrogen; Greenhouse gas; Fuel gas; Chemistry; Fossil fuel; Engineering; Combustion; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001596435,0.0003642066,0.0002797116,0.0003260986,0.0003579541,0.0001709282,0.0002757777,0.0003255969,0.001437667],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002299842,0.0001709458,0.0002359031,0.0003220037,0.0002463444,0.000224067,0.0002162653,0.0001831047,0.0001954884],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002595005,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008961463,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001920193,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004468467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998023,0.0000412254,0.00001139336,0.0000362678,0.00007218763,0.00003656264],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997926,0.00009375562,0.00003429116,0.0000199056,0.00004122194,0.00001818436],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002966586,0.0004396556,0.07699432,0.0002149501,0.00006399121,0.001066821,0.000555435,0.003858849,0.888126,0.000082484,0.0002807732,0.02535012],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003353476,0.002198726,0.2821338,0.000009585797,0.00009393342,0.0006369108,0.0006048628,0.009611079,0.7033163,0.00009551762,0.001239448,0.00002630222],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992248,0.00001291008,0.0003820011,0.000003923585,0.000001401781,0.00000617253,0.00008879459,0.00003255353,0.0002474817],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986265,0.00002107995,0.0005278789,0.000004511697,0.000001406183,0.00000968459,0.0001678309,0.00000720115,0.000633915],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001920193,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004809439,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004144463755197635,"score_gpt":0.2214716487503126,"score_spread":0.2173271849951149,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}