{"id":"W4408590657","doi":"10.1109/comst.2025.3552524","title":"Advances and Open Challenges in Federated Foundation Models","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","topic":"Access Control and Trust","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Foundation (evidence); Computer science; Data science; Political science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006010881,0.00009574107,0.0002619573,0.0001200438,0.0009999577,0.0004805794,0.001288858,0.0001006495,0.00001839194],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000615184,0.00009889228,0.00002049992,0.0004247917,0.0003224371,0.001456292,0.000323925,0.0001266166,0.000009397972],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001002983,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000324158,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01200657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1323883,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9956328,0.003491336,0.0003311788,0.000216315,0.000140402,0.0001879125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975311,0.00146188,0.0001205908,0.00061229,0.00022976,0.00004439901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002005044,0.0001633453,0.002650002,0.00001654588,0.00002813051,3.519273e-7,0.003671068,0.00007434002,0.00004965281,0.5657349,0.0001323957,0.4274592],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002067766,0.00003092398,0.02111664,0.0001929917,0.00003902395,2.537191e-7,0.006742902,0.001991168,0.00005486202,0.3660757,0.6012366,0.0004511259],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.008908507,0.04778997,0.00569267,0.02911398,0.002958685,0.002086259,0.00002145548,0.0001884665,0.90324],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9303279,0.06830693,0.0004172073,0.00005798003,0.00009628686,0.0001801708,0.00001706896,0.000005854562,0.0005906387],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9214194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9945726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.205976463944585,"score_gpt":0.4304744747986229,"score_spread":0.2244980108540379,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}