{"id":"W4408611506","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5185506","title":"A Novel Spectral Index for Detecting Large Plastic Accumulations Using Sentinel‐2 Imagery","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Index (typography); Spectral analysis; Spectral index; Remote sensing; Geology; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Physics; World Wide Web; Spectral line; Spectroscopy; Astronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001753894,0.000425739,0.0005295801,0.0006630663,0.0004871491,0.0002797084,0.0002559648,0.0005817317,0.00001166785],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003505928,0.0004511371,0.00049865,0.000334522,0.00001268594,0.0001673761,0.0001321396,0.005604858,0.000004045277],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002335856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002160948,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008962965,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003250647,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960908,0.00005508889,0.0008051727,0.0003602232,0.0002900212,0.002398641],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988525,0.0002751793,0.000312917,0.0002714919,0.0001953186,0.00009261069],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001780472,0.00009160554,0.0009196745,0.0004705465,0.001456407,0.000005381331,0.000209193,0.9721658,0.01505512,0.00329371,0.0001562864,0.005998178],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002455488,0.00007242813,0.000289462,0.0006694836,0.0003215418,0.00053697,0.0006135426,0.9777369,0.0009082656,0.01479236,0.0008400094,0.0007635671],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2087749,0.0006223717,0.7857194,0.00001297558,0.003909789,0.0004663241,0.00006315109,0.0002150794,0.0002159533],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960746,0.0001036854,0.0005921953,0.000008858558,0.002777811,0.0000353488,0.00001651897,0.00008041237,0.0003106184],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7872996,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997941,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0315932356123442,"score_gpt":0.2932364526517515,"score_spread":0.2616432170394073,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}