{"id":"W4408617976","doi":"10.1080/20430795.2025.2479538","title":"Towards a better understanding of ESG ratings","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment","topic":"Environmental Sustainability in Business","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Business","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007749005,0.0002325672,0.0004630731,0.000583054,0.0001986612,0.0001521052,0.0004155935,0.00009003915,0.0000542954],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003496529,0.0002082907,0.0001861792,0.0009800869,0.0002563673,0.001633679,0.0003615207,0.0002476921,0.000004025246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001371575,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002439627,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002314262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003320847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980372,0.00001965686,0.0008372189,0.0002068671,0.0004326856,0.0004663421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982151,0.00004590843,0.000984786,0.0002791767,0.000459693,0.00001536173],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002074421,0.0004826255,0.04695607,0.00225536,0.0001128813,0.0004508182,0.0003112383,0.001933134,0.0002184234,0.9315575,0.0136123,0.001902168],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003226442,0.0001732957,0.1001138,0.0009336896,0.0003340397,0.0000299868,0.02313748,0.0005356438,0.002091194,0.5844052,0.2844175,0.0006016896],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9636639,0.0006862161,0.007739812,0.01011464,0.0004270568,0.0005802102,6.965913e-7,0.00002265702,0.01676478],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919744,0.00003490411,0.00104975,0.004882185,0.0002447813,0.00001658829,0.00000159656,0.00002095188,0.001774841],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3471523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8493847,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01337894532999385,"score_gpt":0.2228880650072239,"score_spread":0.20950911967723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}