{"id":"W4408628057","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01743-7","title":"Unequal solar photovoltaic performance by race and income partly reflects financing models and installer choices","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Energy","topic":"Energy and Environment Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Installation; Photovoltaic system; Race (biology); Business; Economics; Environmental economics; Finance; Computer science; Engineering; Sociology; Electrical engineering; Operating system","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001432916,0.000195624,0.0001727799,0.0000449794,0.0002343307,0.00003825955,0.0001389629,0.0002959432,0.00005488448],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002104167,0.000171581,0.00002062621,0.0002005833,0.0001434346,0.000538418,0.0002472538,0.0003319505,0.000003747793],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008087473,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001014229,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003088791,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002843357,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989284,0.00003688294,0.0001456642,0.0003728497,0.0002029788,0.00031319],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996015,0.00005412824,0.00004186359,0.0001958291,0.000002858606,0.0001038223],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004615026,0.0004154472,0.1149168,0.0002310591,0.0001906496,0.00004782959,0.001237808,0.4209923,0.3139768,0.007740751,0.03161586,0.1081732],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002770374,0.0004182179,0.1507534,0.0003350368,0.00008000364,0.00002094227,0.0001233288,0.0949896,0.1906472,0.004685597,0.5537053,0.001471002],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9828966,0.002910572,0.000381438,0.0001362216,0.0001059478,0.00004409274,0.000003868632,0.00003216785,0.01348905],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907228,0.002541922,0.0002868083,0.001473579,0.00002461962,0.00001235517,0.00001135513,0.00001308371,0.004913502],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5220894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6996871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004454309016265061,"score_gpt":0.2138101806906927,"score_spread":0.2093558716744277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}