{"id":"W4408649664","doi":"10.3389/fetho.2025.1520935","title":"Over or under: new phylogenetic insights in the evolution of head scratching in birds","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Ethology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Scratching; Phylogenetic tree; Head (geology); Evolutionary biology; Biology; Zoology; Paleontology; Genetics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00179052,0.0003850917,0.0006934726,0.002527001,0.00098585,0.001756604,0.0005268812,0.0007868363,0.002250747],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002414617,0.0003175814,0.0004386749,0.002112401,0.001880199,0.002952345,0.001336521,0.001188403,0.0004775335],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002719409,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002648184,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00145994,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003590976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992462,0.0002632331,0.00006372593,0.0002747721,0.00007754502,0.00007444841],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979893,0.0009101516,0.0004469905,0.000256043,0.0001990607,0.000198453],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009281968,0.0001442684,0.7258659,0.0006484046,0.0004629118,0.001220636,0.02459082,0.001339004,0.05233398,0.006132799,0.0005210816,0.185812],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001111771,0.0001728668,0.979955,0.000158475,0.0001514708,0.001290707,0.003994362,0.002854509,0.0006429009,0.004679453,0.006026469,0.00006255702],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9874621,0.004303836,0.004657448,0.0004661176,0.0000230785,0.00000805324,0.0001343721,0.00003051369,0.002914545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955761,0.00126406,0.002357566,0.0002014674,0.00006553376,0.000005575912,0.0002052951,0.00002550173,0.0002989793],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002527001,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00946933,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02082563301370316,"score_gpt":0.2819505054593504,"score_spread":0.2611248724456472,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}