{"id":"W4408685712","doi":"10.1017/s1360674324000613","title":"Insight from obsolescence: English demonstratives as a unique case for the study of doubling","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language and Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Obsolescence; Linguistics; History; Philosophy; Geology; Paleontology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005818542,0.0001010361,0.000185226,0.00006522165,0.0004869001,0.00008678681,0.0001720834,0.000109155,0.0000369464],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04704836,0.00007981265,0.000036842,0.0002057109,0.0002048743,0.00001661723,0.00005320107,0.0001663778,2.969515e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002003103,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002281822,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008269562,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006076824,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990593,0.0001774792,0.0002617271,0.0002056586,0.000126764,0.0001690878],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967085,0.002096518,0.0001108819,0.000187889,0.0008393647,0.00005688325],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003798196,0.0001632682,0.002228979,0.0000154376,0.00008309602,0.000160083,0.7690852,0.000009590904,0.00001101546,0.226418,0.0003202957,0.001467047],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001261166,0.0001137664,0.000208425,0.00004289626,0.0002086753,0.000001052589,0.8515716,0.0001826809,0.0001857957,0.002242156,0.1438371,0.000144642],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8760679,0.001673896,0.002716742,0.000134291,0.006310335,0.001420869,0.00009222815,0.0001487606,0.111435],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960521,0.00005677546,0.0008822741,0.000175279,0.002240843,0.0000293088,0.000009025416,0.000007056772,0.0005473471],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2241759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983345,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01910365667363489,"score_gpt":0.3325690829015538,"score_spread":0.313465426227919,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}