{"id":"W4408841436","doi":"10.1109/comst.2025.3554579","title":"Internet of Digital Twin: Framework, Applications, and Enabling Technologies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Australian Research Council; China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Computer science; The Internet; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001746799,0.0006340499,0.000492428,0.003352907,0.001272675,0.006617552,0.001341407,0.001923506,0.003672993],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002772158,0.0004578747,0.0004748633,0.004668957,0.003284274,0.01450057,0.004140805,0.003455267,0.001063691],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001870043,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001376431,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001287181,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008789389,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998853,0.0004015879,0.00007236663,0.0001486084,0.0003695366,0.0001550082],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986073,0.000536915,0.0001203879,0.000345906,0.0002194008,0.000170161],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001574634,0.00001772262,0.0003915193,0.0001921085,0.000005916552,0.0001485936,0.000289214,0.001455799,0.0006006479,0.9265574,0.004321533,0.06600393],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007976681,0.00005771696,0.0006198644,0.0005880324,0.00002060342,0.001491439,0.001001856,0.02213688,0.00204661,0.5206732,0.4513093,0.00004660416],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03687721,0.08242103,0.5681275,0.02249424,0.001966101,0.0003436404,0.0006343219,0.001324017,0.2858119],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5553089,0.16411,0.2359215,0.002964094,0.002606005,0.0006169773,0.001120856,0.0003760818,0.0369756],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.006617552,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0135681,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04420675579858525,"score_gpt":0.2885576216055923,"score_spread":0.2443508658070071,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}