{"id":"W4408841436","doi":"10.1109/comst.2025.3554579","title":"Internet of Digital Twin: Framework, Applications, and Enabling Technologies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Australian Research Council; China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Computer science; The Internet; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005921676,0.00013602,0.0002311098,0.000232114,0.00006208332,0.0001543032,0.000853085,0.0002177997,0.00001351506],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002752284,0.0001500762,0.00004194078,0.0005761057,0.0002625091,0.0004570944,0.000151284,0.0002978604,0.00003862564],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005313056,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003308131,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009072077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004349796,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990261,0.00008266399,0.0005295573,0.0001188124,0.0001022767,0.000140585],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974872,0.001059286,0.0000695636,0.001229729,0.0001301572,0.00002398982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000103057,0.0003084457,0.01366394,0.0007858939,0.0005512254,4.371741e-7,0.001004339,0.001336674,0.002591862,0.2863767,0.007797162,0.685573],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008494192,0.00004825917,0.002955653,0.0008495278,0.00010575,0.000007571609,0.002816417,0.002582191,0.05244918,0.09040158,0.8459889,0.0009455595],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01495857,0.008146771,0.7533159,0.0008284014,0.001924591,0.001312596,0.0002947837,0.00226902,0.2169493],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950462,0.001136784,0.003128949,0.000006812778,0.00003179843,0.0002195854,0.00004805401,0.00001560364,0.0003662385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9800876,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.611993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04420675579858525,"score_gpt":0.2885576216055923,"score_spread":0.2443508658070071,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}