{"id":"W4408851648","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.9.035601","title":"Origin of C(1s) binding energy shifts in amorphous carbon materials","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Innovation Cluster (Canada)","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Marie Curie; Welch Foundation; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Materials science; Amorphous carbon; Amorphous solid; Carbon fibers; Binding energy; Energy (signal processing); Chemical engineering; Chemical physics; Crystallography; Composite material; Atomic physics; Composite number","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001711536,0.0004040407,0.001708938,0.0002533678,0.00005293003,0.0001619841,0.0007136399,0.00009851745,0.001420268],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003169676,0.0003329633,0.0001263436,0.000656492,0.000185536,0.0001791075,0.0003358575,0.00007803428,0.000127992],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001227789,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002322636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001624214,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002641021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960399,0.0008155666,0.001202363,0.0006517847,0.0005546733,0.0007357295],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984584,0.0002488484,0.0003644436,0.0006903724,0.0001171756,0.000120724],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001093121,0.0002233066,0.0000258055,0.003634368,0.00001332337,0.00001925542,0.00002400756,0.000001923643,0.9836354,0.01137762,0.0003087574,0.0006268997],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004336248,0.00007050505,0.0002066989,0.004242521,0.00005593301,0.00000101933,0.000007615333,0.000003974656,0.9890867,0.004086771,0.00151432,0.0002903012],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9927578,0.002715761,0.000006218892,0.0002258671,0.001221043,0.0005649644,0.0002360273,0.00008163619,0.002190704],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947812,0.003981818,0.00006631084,0.0003326094,0.0002366949,0.0003323933,0.00005344324,0.00004290288,0.0001726409],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007290846,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999123,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01853514527796553,"score_gpt":0.3303538353558896,"score_spread":0.3118186900779241,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}