{"id":"W4408860251","doi":"10.1109/access.2025.3555157","title":"SoK: Grouping Spam and Phishing Email Threats for Smarter Security","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Phishing; Computer science; Computer security; Internet privacy; World Wide Web; The Internet","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002937621,0.0001041489,0.0001278532,0.0001072825,0.0002528371,0.0009148875,0.0006250794,0.00007020193,0.000002397329],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003431844,0.0001009901,0.00004505055,0.0002789245,0.00002354685,0.001483543,0.0001719166,0.0001103126,0.000002449648],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002908956,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002671693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001299169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001339311,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999167,0.0000266438,0.0001395218,0.0003562721,0.0001036955,0.0002068538],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993935,0.0001517874,0.00005261393,0.0003020449,0.00005636961,0.00004364778],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000147501,0.000284562,0.06629156,0.001115074,0.0002788439,0.00003373006,0.008798516,0.0002829543,0.007018204,0.1327784,0.0387401,0.7442305],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002302136,0.0001820733,0.03676847,0.0004500527,0.00007934954,0.00003142686,0.00007247351,0.2736744,0.0554013,0.6150955,0.0150096,0.000933244],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2457041,0.0003017123,0.747944,0.001459093,0.002350919,0.0002331937,0.000001983982,0.0001867594,0.001818305],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973442,0.00002190207,0.00143149,0.0008285405,0.0001996916,0.00003499146,9.381636e-7,0.000005785018,0.0001324428],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7516401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8822281,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03009676864490229,"score_gpt":0.3259160867546236,"score_spread":0.2958193181097213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}