{"id":"W4408872801","doi":"10.3390/engproc2025088021","title":"Impact of Solar Cycle 25 on GNSS Measurements: Analysis of Ionospheric Scintillation and Positioning Challenges","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"NovAtel (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Interplanetary scintillation; GNSS applications; Scintillation; Ionosphere; Remote sensing; Global Positioning System; Environmental science; Computer science; Physics; Geology; Astronomy; Telecommunications; Solar wind; Coronal mass ejection; Plasma; Detector","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000882434,0.0003089089,0.0002644818,0.0008547287,0.0002699964,0.0006454979,0.0001938626,0.0002692778,0.000487015],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002626982,0.0001032434,0.0001987587,0.001893748,0.0002496116,0.0004140674,0.0004160012,0.0002927154,0.0001938236],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004233257,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005611965,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009992944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01278592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993692,0.00007511286,0.00003646329,0.0001025951,0.0003260427,0.00009059925],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988496,0.0003673423,0.0002062736,0.0001026158,0.0004142154,0.00005996524],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003800084,0.00005945716,0.7989972,0.0002035151,0.0001727258,0.0008713169,0.0006209296,0.07158893,0.01573,0.001384782,0.002250835,0.1077403],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008531497,0.000222095,0.9399182,0.00004991486,0.00005458963,0.0003965058,0.0006784592,0.04369722,0.006483316,0.0005226188,0.007929462,0.00003907615],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895883,0.0004054189,0.003967654,0.00008865603,0.00002470704,0.0000220403,0.00129293,0.00006585185,0.004544633],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968863,0.0001638509,0.001070627,0.0000247069,0.0000103174,0.000008603433,0.001397675,0.00001805292,0.0004198444],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009992944,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01986957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01216928524882312,"score_gpt":0.272619686271921,"score_spread":0.2604504010230979,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}