{"id":"W4408879004","doi":"10.18280/ijsse.150214","title":"Hybrid Machine Learning for Fraud Detection: Balancing Accuracy and Security in Digital Transactions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering","topic":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Computer security","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003112154,0.00008952923,0.0001425664,0.0003034846,0.0000583313,0.0001786649,0.0002874373,0.0000381158,0.000001823041],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002899121,0.00009411493,0.0000454409,0.0001155635,0.00001668719,0.001135651,0.0000498101,0.0003222671,1.324037e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008601142,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003051224,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008081437,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007104676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992527,0.00001063109,0.0003508996,0.0001362301,0.0001465299,0.0001029623],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993176,0.0002843073,0.0001183156,0.00007269515,0.0001656796,0.00004140459],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007731671,0.0004235796,0.00645065,0.0005051213,0.0006581398,0.0001568097,0.006553878,0.02589767,0.01371303,0.103973,0.0001185317,0.8407764],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001073174,0.00006948507,0.003288082,0.000250885,0.000009032208,0.000301965,0.00005538298,0.9524377,0.009200628,0.009926534,0.02321174,0.0001754176],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02148342,0.0003589762,0.9766816,0.0009220281,0.0003552651,0.00007583697,0.00002716657,0.00004673672,0.00004900264],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944506,0.0005003131,0.004933802,0.00004425607,0.000048476,0.000003988721,0.000005524522,0.000004256427,0.000008761876],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9729672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3837895,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005094961940690312,"score_gpt":0.234870073275508,"score_spread":0.2297751113348176,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}