{"id":"W4408884932","doi":"10.1007/s10441-025-09495-3","title":"How Physical Information Underlies Causation and the Emergence of Systems at all Biological Levels","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Biotheoretica","topic":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Causation; Epistemology; Cybernetics; Philosophy of biology; CLARITY; Cognitive science; Philosophy of science; Computer science; Inference; Action (physics); Information theory; Physical system; Information structure; Data science; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Biology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001830085,0.0001150205,0.0002373181,0.0000095358,0.0001844322,0.000036838,0.0001633232,0.0001048097,0.00001717009],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002124833,0.00002928754,0.00005850325,0.0001577589,0.001000767,0.00007844746,0.0001475186,0.00007597407,0.000002634658],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008873092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003243677,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002502655,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001334725,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993129,0.0001508366,0.0001379446,0.0001402589,0.00007915396,0.0001789447],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990326,0.0007482786,0.00009990139,0.00004477319,0.00005248064,0.00002203637],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002930139,0.00002883179,0.001137554,0.00001484213,0.00007408758,2.039469e-7,0.0001315671,5.197587e-7,0.5581853,0.434026,0.001202832,0.004905242],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002748359,0.003259245,0.6181798,0.0001587708,0.0003174252,0.00002972122,0.006998422,0.003471765,0.08039214,0.1816031,0.1015523,0.001289004],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9841094,0.0003596299,0.00001424123,0.0140224,0.00007003642,0.0002267217,0.0000544143,0.00002790081,0.001115227],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988212,0.0005913811,0.000007379378,0.000370641,0.00004210953,0.00001690872,0.00004207939,2.006017e-7,0.0001080955],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6170422,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3687367,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01804797378709068,"score_gpt":0.2168589625255299,"score_spread":0.1988109887384392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}