{"id":"W4408889478","doi":"10.1109/ic2ai62984.2025.10932178","title":"Enhancing Epidemic Early Warning Systems with Social Media Data","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Social media; Warning system; Computer science; Internet privacy; Data science; Computer security; Telecommunications; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005887781,0.0001420324,0.0004125284,0.0001000473,0.00009634899,0.00003546479,0.000313432,0.00006466733,0.00009303225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008086504,0.0001068853,0.00003023563,0.000309813,0.00006714363,0.0001860634,0.0002390146,0.000205573,0.0001209675],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006977142,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002878544,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002739134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000348128,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985822,0.00009153973,0.0003091787,0.0004336704,0.0002939149,0.0002895305],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998515,0.000370184,0.00008656507,0.0008136823,0.0001006997,0.0001138785],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001338769,0.0003145058,0.6931214,0.002449151,0.001559369,0.0005617639,0.002469413,0.00003479259,0.009794789,0.007371332,0.2547174,0.02626725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006857383,0.0001666275,0.8773335,0.00298832,0.0008873579,0.00006660461,0.003718696,0.007627961,0.001027266,0.0001125266,0.09831508,0.0008986954],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8792916,0.002501351,0.03977104,0.002722346,0.001490789,0.001285909,0.0007121929,0.001386365,0.07083842],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949218,0.00001490261,0.001101125,0.0003888979,0.0003541815,0.00001553002,0.0007600408,0.00002096317,0.002422553],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.184212,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4358656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03516232938753629,"score_gpt":0.3126290845105228,"score_spread":0.2774667551229865,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}