{"id":"W4408928768","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00385","title":"Sooting Tendency of a Series of Kerosene Surrogates and Blends Containing Various Additives Considered as Sustainable Alternative Fuels","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Kerosene; Series (stratigraphy); Alternative fuels; Chemistry; Materials science; Environmental science; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Waste management; Combustion; Engineering; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001143118,0.0002276764,0.0004682051,0.0002657762,0.00006979303,0.00001425493,0.0001958804,0.0001255573,0.0000505874],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001303166,0.0002331919,0.00006405817,0.0003803905,0.0002788655,0.0002790783,0.000280148,0.0001842889,4.219754e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006226506,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000091268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002487575,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001623933,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987494,0.0000302035,0.0004311785,0.0002913135,0.0001488924,0.0003489828],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986238,0.0005733047,0.0002167494,0.0002533607,0.0002917665,0.00004098231],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007569651,0.00003652869,0.0003801812,0.0002819242,0.0002315154,0.00003720488,0.0006342739,0.008900456,0.2508807,0.7342569,0.00001706265,0.004267544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005813079,0.000135045,0.0001148976,0.0002349564,0.00003183565,0.00001191881,0.007278359,0.0006902666,0.9037772,0.08650159,0.0004576061,0.0001850119],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9049476,0.003787598,0.06576341,0.0003599609,0.0001719194,0.0001972818,0.00005046528,0.0007416863,0.02398006],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927071,0.0002485718,0.003746762,0.00001902273,0.00001745464,0.00003594218,0.00001024616,0.00002378045,0.003191122],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6528965,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9509287,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007394618932356273,"score_gpt":0.2363578578564678,"score_spread":0.2289632389241116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}