{"id":"W4408941256","doi":"10.1109/comst.2025.3555514","title":"Toward One-Second Latency: Evolution of Live Media Streaming","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","topic":"Multimedia Communication and Technology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","keywords":"Live streaming; Latency (audio); Computer science; Multimedia; Telecommunications","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005592826,0.0001321425,0.000377258,0.0003486425,0.0006355909,0.00004062986,0.002634285,0.0003188457,0.0003901888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003830639,0.000153721,0.0001010513,0.000949103,0.001308814,0.0002096463,0.0003867689,0.0003296743,0.00008265851],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003394833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000879051,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01149526,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04139492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944813,0.004065578,0.000679037,0.0002110621,0.0002877669,0.0002752704],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9922177,0.004211952,0.0003584829,0.002475106,0.0006628616,0.00007388338],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001561822,0.0007171155,0.0141641,0.00004419762,0.0002136489,3.428602e-7,0.02714917,0.000005381195,0.01086076,0.9051891,0.002608357,0.03903223],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002929191,0.0001053644,0.1976283,0.0006105335,0.0003258939,0.000001024119,0.03490915,0.0004965951,0.01009443,0.1706541,0.5810253,0.001220056],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.406787,0.01812113,0.01720702,0.03163413,0.01618959,0.003811006,0.0005504311,0.0020079,0.5036919],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924862,0.001992003,0.00423102,0.00003329773,0.0001278435,0.00008846541,0.00004964104,0.00001098294,0.0009804984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.734535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9950873,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.103831707797215,"score_gpt":0.3647201465833851,"score_spread":0.2608884387861701,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}