{"id":"W4409018221","doi":"10.4271/2025-01-8418","title":"Combustion Characterization and Heat Release Rate Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Dual (grammatical number); Automotive engineering; Diesel fuel; Combustion; Heavy duty; Hydrogen; Environmental science; Diesel engine; Characterization (materials science); Internal combustion engine; Homogeneous charge compression ignition; Waste management; Nuclear engineering; Materials science; Chemistry; Engineering; Combustion chamber; Nanotechnology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000472387,0.0008083659,0.001114374,0.0004860449,0.0002307095,0.00004663361,0.0006047971,0.0009325425,0.00007098677],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0018825,0.0007796945,0.0002902353,0.001319845,0.0006530328,0.0005753429,0.0005875686,0.001417206,0.00001561148],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003290898,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006926631,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002110563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008950976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961461,0.00009266975,0.001334779,0.001106362,0.0005192573,0.0008008686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976503,0.0004305468,0.0001911114,0.001286195,0.0002104992,0.0002313143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003721547,0.0002333738,0.00003307544,0.0002713154,0.00006408581,0.0000168999,0.00001735928,0.03229306,0.9429436,0.020422,0.00006750874,0.003265604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01005072,0.003591824,0.8253613,0.005956511,0.001117619,0.0003489075,0.0007375808,0.009945072,0.08214363,0.03367322,0.02072792,0.00634574],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9778619,0.00105664,0.002877824,0.005294411,0.0002606803,0.001349121,0.0001318365,0.007535766,0.003631833],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923679,0.001356144,0.004797627,0.0005134584,0.00005863,0.0002761644,0.0001498459,0.0001182846,0.0003619406],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8607999,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994654,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009759436485720717,"score_gpt":0.2338249640150379,"score_spread":0.2240655275293172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}