{"id":"W4409144918","doi":"10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102683","title":"The pretesting effect is robust throughout adulthood, but metacognitive beliefs about pretesting and challenge differ","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Learning and Individual Differences","topic":"Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Psychology; Metacognition; Developmental psychology; Cognitive psychology; Social psychology; Cognition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004269043,0.0005195395,0.0008019178,0.0009460773,0.0005234915,0.001156001,0.0006712948,0.0009422711,0.007874702],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03357276,0.0006641495,0.000541325,0.0003893137,0.001087289,0.001580576,0.001282238,0.001678386,0.001327609],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003783857,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008978007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002830955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004966631,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979444,0.0003095675,0.0001922608,0.0005242045,0.000827285,0.0002022585],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9561814,0.02051243,0.008213329,0.007959347,0.003803589,0.003329902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006483741,0.00989092,0.612535,0.0006730485,0.0006463829,0.0006762653,0.006272554,0.0007204379,0.144225,0.002748157,0.003992388,0.2111361],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002588356,0.0009957759,0.9846011,0.00003722917,0.00005996092,0.0001754078,0.0003304104,0.0001945255,0.01157184,0.0006839564,0.001296043,0.00002784413],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9863676,0.0005622691,0.001718926,0.0002954164,0.00008825262,0.00008959181,0.0004997551,0.0002062819,0.01017181],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9913243,0.000235673,0.001382741,0.000117988,0.00002966242,0.00009609031,0.0005642042,0.00009936676,0.006149926],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007874702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02634346,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04520392491721638,"score_gpt":0.299876831096246,"score_spread":0.2546729061790297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}