{"id":"W4409146536","doi":"10.1063/5.0265675","title":"Water surface roughness measurement and its potential effect on air–water interaction in a partially filled circular pipe","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Fluids","topic":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Physics; Air water; Surface roughness; Mechanics; Surface finish; Surface (topology); Optics; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Geometry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003318666,0.0003033853,0.0003237064,0.0002839277,0.0001839934,0.0002727513,0.0002061796,0.0003797169,0.000218084],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007961505,0.0001931406,0.0002423608,0.0001938714,0.0005370001,0.0004229445,0.000279517,0.0002261897,0.00004974968],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000156295,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001535401,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007630021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000660113,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999721,0.00004380822,0.000009054643,0.00007071809,0.0001021336,0.00005326477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994973,0.0002251787,0.0000956494,0.00004664968,0.000104198,0.00003089372],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001198562,0.00001104295,0.00137818,0.00003414443,0.000005024167,0.00008079108,0.00007143611,0.0007815589,0.9945363,0.00004751085,0.00001572983,0.002918493],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001333325,0.0007414509,0.0326362,0.000006477657,0.00003248297,0.0001429279,0.000157668,0.03060075,0.9351837,0.00009566962,0.0003457657,0.0000436086],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.991306,0.0001408375,0.008322426,0.00001348359,0.000006566353,0.000007683319,0.00001922812,0.00005484089,0.0001287974],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978809,0.0000541331,0.001934131,0.000005859961,0.000002799706,0.000005191747,0.0000151559,0.000004848211,0.00009679081],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0007630021,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001755059,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01277235278010781,"score_gpt":0.2190724328035517,"score_spread":0.2063000800234439,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}