{"id":"W4409146577","doi":"10.33137/utmj.v102i1.43104","title":"Moral Reasoning and Development in Medical School: A Literature Review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","topic":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Moral reasoning; Engineering ethics; Psychology; Social psychology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002442882,0.001010085,0.0024738,0.007337876,0.0006327985,0.002288036,0.001399578,0.002123063,0.004971028],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008680301,0.000610592,0.001587583,0.009692412,0.001260288,0.002384086,0.001309013,0.00181821,0.0006649208],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001951491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007701913,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00617134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01199658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988317,0.0003655257,0.0002739782,0.0001494087,0.0003172549,0.00006220011],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9913377,0.006882782,0.0008030297,0.00008547216,0.0006817035,0.0002092963],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008996094,0.0001076241,0.0006159103,0.2637094,0.0004610991,0.0001686377,0.0004541509,0.0002795214,0.0001487248,0.003555421,0.01625501,0.7141545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004575094,0.0001743196,0.006057967,0.4723459,0.002081421,0.00171226,0.0009760825,0.0001436113,0.0001966601,0.003906908,0.5123004,0.00005880838],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005155045,0.9996017,0.00001725341,0.0001231036,0.00003767623,0.000003597606,0.000006608024,0.000001138826,0.0001573685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0005489831,0.9992465,0.00005418299,0.00007240369,0.00003429616,0.000005944765,0.000007261402,4.362844e-7,0.00003006961],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007337876,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01662976,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02594052437129966,"score_gpt":0.3504923856280602,"score_spread":0.3245518612567605,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}