{"id":"W4409161990","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12206-3","title":"Evaluation of measurement methods for assessing vertical velocity in groundwater systems: a case study from Osongji (Osong Pond), Jeonju-si, South Korea","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Earth Sciences","topic":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning; National Research Foundation of Korea","keywords":"Environmental engineering science; Biogeosciences; Groundwater; Geology; Hydrology (agriculture); Environmental science; Geotechnical engineering; Earth science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00235439,0.0005090626,0.000347443,0.001060452,0.0007994179,0.0008289259,0.0008132891,0.0006117209,0.0004142786],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003670866,0.0002756692,0.0004148299,0.001418698,0.0005085655,0.0007688258,0.0006167059,0.0003635946,0.00007909398],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001508094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001319664,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04991578,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.100873,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988843,0.0005163457,0.00007889986,0.0001598491,0.0002674693,0.00009320271],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997533,0.001288469,0.0001797984,0.0001491408,0.0007469925,0.0001025516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009231896,0.003082837,0.7197308,0.000461642,0.0002396552,0.004171741,0.008629037,0.03310138,0.06314544,0.001285989,0.0005694472,0.1646588],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002595117,0.005240833,0.6787511,0.0001251072,0.0005982917,0.001518517,0.02699528,0.2139712,0.06809848,0.001074458,0.003172955,0.0001943096],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968622,0.00003069168,0.00256206,0.00002717286,0.000001884054,0.00004830735,0.0000514598,0.00001226387,0.0004039733],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906374,0.00007038752,0.008935675,0.000006049747,0.000001072918,0.00002796876,0.00006119889,0.000005684225,0.0002546491],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04991578,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0992505,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07726050870775396,"score_gpt":0.3475381232512835,"score_spread":0.2702776145435296,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}