{"id":"W4409164428","doi":"10.1002/sys.21815","title":"Model‐Driven Engineering for Digital Twins: Opportunities and Challenges","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Systems Engineering","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; European Commission","keywords":"Systems engineering; Computer science; Engineering; Management science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008674921,0.0002489178,0.0002600718,0.0002742712,0.0000327101,0.0002275475,0.0001354008,0.0001491655,6.487628e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003292179,0.0002847266,0.00005627155,0.00009913811,0.00001306014,0.0007016075,0.00002559118,0.0001395521,0.000002247245],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007983921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001831449,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":7.05123e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.179649e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990684,0.000001798775,0.0003374346,0.0001617842,0.0001102684,0.000320306],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995719,0.00009558391,0.00001664466,0.0001810831,0.00004179648,0.00009303508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001258293,0.000003871859,0.0000070403,0.002579449,0.00008093788,0.000001440381,0.0001685415,0.9438391,0.0002183774,0.05056911,0.0002175407,0.002313376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002368443,0.00001047518,0.0000203868,0.0004896073,0.00001257929,0.00001010545,0.000414329,0.9501904,0.0001554501,0.00003349032,0.04816183,0.0002644666],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03065201,0.02137298,0.8725801,0.0003605757,0.003520615,0.001592543,0.0003896832,0.004368769,0.06516277],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976287,0.0007173687,0.0008186646,0.000004949911,0.00010461,0.0002591074,0.00001783489,0.00006606877,0.0003826375],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9669768,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999605,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06026780477277418,"score_gpt":0.2142138044921622,"score_spread":0.153945999719388,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}