{"id":"W4409169429","doi":"10.1063/5.0264535","title":"Mechanisms of permeability alteration during water invasion in unconsolidated sandstone gas reservoirs","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Fluids","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Permeability (electromagnetism); Physics; Petroleum engineering; Petrology; Geology; Membrane","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001388702,0.0002434456,0.0002226495,0.0005365614,0.0002365978,0.0003632521,0.000380507,0.0003986504,0.0005619595],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001812865,0.0003506546,0.0002754177,0.0002241625,0.0005291818,0.0006240443,0.0004317583,0.0002415156,0.00009680806],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005749379,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003085383,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0058027,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004467758,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998847,0.00001025583,0.000008293845,0.00002412495,0.00002174674,0.00005081662],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998674,0.0000149086,0.00006012506,0.000006412525,0.00002479998,0.00002636756],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002528924,0.00005670422,0.02214975,0.0001437987,0.00002896052,0.0007790502,0.0003352179,0.001863173,0.970016,0.0008265766,0.0001136042,0.003434424],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004402128,0.0004685685,0.6046742,0.00003384282,0.00005675373,0.0008632673,0.00146779,0.03958721,0.3490902,0.001400799,0.002184717,0.000128618],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981391,0.0003701268,0.0006534233,0.00006339476,0.000005179894,0.00001695603,0.00007963612,0.0000385752,0.000633492],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993696,0.0001083466,0.0001725817,0.000005803374,0.000001391145,0.00000644216,0.00003121433,0.000001991732,0.000302644],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0058027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01153785,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01090905748203464,"score_gpt":0.231761191549468,"score_spread":0.2208521340674333,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}