{"id":"W4409254936","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00553","title":"Second-order instantaneous causal analysis of spontaneous MEG","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Imaging Neuroscience","topic":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Academy of Finland; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","keywords":"Granger causality; Gaussian; Causality (physics); Computer science; Neuroimaging; Artificial intelligence; Causal structure; Causal model; Econometrics; Simple (philosophy); Spurious relationship; Machine learning; Pattern recognition (psychology); Algorithm; Data mining; Mathematics; Statistics; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002565332,0.0002087481,0.0003717897,0.0008888354,0.0003708951,0.00008981844,0.0005974934,0.00002592341,0.0000699614],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01155361,0.0002049914,0.0001381536,0.005841697,0.0007751851,0.0002756122,0.0003125759,0.0002006415,0.000008467942],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007872959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001698331,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000475608,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001389344,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976094,0.0001453919,0.0003390019,0.0009592865,0.0005302689,0.0004166974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959033,0.003223819,0.0001427369,0.0005334108,0.0001330244,0.00006371286],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000490675,0.0001206551,0.007400244,0.0000226433,0.00002437723,0.000998394,0.0001506746,0.00308223,0.9801022,0.005252198,0.001167708,0.00162954],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001197625,0.0002920865,0.2195621,0.0001022101,0.00103616,0.002455793,0.0002597424,0.1993928,0.4825375,0.002685247,0.08908156,0.00139715],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9570978,0.00009842598,0.004066925,0.004205688,0.00199241,0.0002692245,0.0001049424,0.0002425217,0.0319221],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9855868,0.00001703826,0.0001032665,0.01190409,0.00001395745,0.00001061417,6.470242e-7,0.0000108357,0.002352785],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4975647,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9967725,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01919369169564239,"score_gpt":0.2820245049821727,"score_spread":0.2628308132865304,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}