{"id":"W4409329826","doi":"10.3389/fenvs.2025.1525574","title":"The changing face of the Arctic: four decades of greening and implications for tundra ecosystems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Goddard Space Flight Center; European Commission; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; NordForsk; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Ympäristöministeriö; European Space Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Tundra; Greening; Permafrost; Ecosystem; Face (sociological concept); Arctic; Environmental science; Geography; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Biology; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002230512,0.0004199118,0.0004471281,0.001081977,0.002857848,0.004852881,0.0005213231,0.001355786,0.001652666],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002303781,0.00015156,0.0004119643,0.001927429,0.002823759,0.00388375,0.002212477,0.003221673,0.0002857933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003317259,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005209256,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04438365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07651845,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994574,0.0001452338,0.00006752058,0.00008990317,0.0001172861,0.000122648],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985211,0.0003876855,0.0002487451,0.00004708612,0.0004182739,0.000377056],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003468992,0.0000640583,0.04947251,0.007110223,0.0002963764,0.002544438,0.03924467,0.001540336,0.002934552,0.05194438,0.07002242,0.7744792],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005989426,0.0001459538,0.08014671,0.00934212,0.0001956194,0.001616044,0.04888283,0.0003083656,0.0008568973,0.02574353,0.8326276,0.0001283435],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06189492,0.7933506,0.001497408,0.1198011,0.00798675,0.00001170725,0.0005802253,0.0000475199,0.01482977],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2339061,0.7405612,0.001708018,0.01592844,0.0048088,0.00001971545,0.000316645,0.00004492445,0.002706114],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04438365,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08825058,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01715907091567229,"score_gpt":0.2276839179532578,"score_spread":0.2105248470375855,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}