{"id":"W4409358055","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.084027","title":"Gravitational lensing and shadows in the toron solution of Einstein’s equations using ray tracing methods","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. D/Physical review. D.","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Conseil régional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Ray tracing (physics); Gravitational lens; Einstein; Physics; Gravitation; Strong gravitational lensing; Tracing; Classical mechanics; Astrophysics; Astronomy; Optics; Computer science; Galaxy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"grok","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"opus","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005436041,0.0005725198,0.0004479051,0.00103305,0.0004867651,0.0009793362,0.0005748163,0.0006011861,0.002031034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002847656,0.0002446257,0.0004835318,0.0007271096,0.0009973776,0.0009845421,0.0006703138,0.0005664369,0.0002251431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009359866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006715792,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006572769,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004989767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998643,0.00007335994,0.000005028839,0.000009853634,0.00003045307,0.00001707604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99927,0.0004424169,0.00012193,0.00003649623,0.00008933774,0.00003969616],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008538843,0.00008595856,0.003479564,0.0001421058,0.00004769072,0.00040328,0.0005045729,0.5140463,0.006234816,0.4557832,0.001055497,0.01813154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001398627,0.000015708,0.0004455311,0.00001213565,0.000006646228,0.00005384259,0.00005148816,0.9780321,0.0006390208,0.01960776,0.001112083,0.000009712581],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6487126,0.002583562,0.304753,0.0007509414,0.0001239459,0.0001051981,0.0001650273,0.0003370595,0.04246856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8758082,0.001786433,0.1104615,0.00006677146,0.00006243117,0.00007103577,0.0001127475,0.0001701388,0.01146075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006572769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04568716871087371,"score_gpt":0.5278732595267648,"score_spread":0.4821860908158911,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}