{"id":"W4409371775","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00329","title":"Integrating Simulations and Observations: A Foundation Model for Estimating the Aerosol Mixing State Index","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS ES&T Air","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; University of Manchester; Aerosol Society","keywords":"Foundation (evidence); Index (typography); Aerosol; Mixing (physics); State (computer science); Environmental science; Meteorology; Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Geography; Geology; Physics; Computer science; Archaeology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008488552,0.0006661558,0.0004689338,0.0004576417,0.000444545,0.0005858578,0.001500007,0.00111311,0.001098682],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002961636,0.0005758788,0.0008770341,0.0003043897,0.0004197874,0.0008903311,0.000910014,0.001185621,0.0002427054],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006878866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001546716,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03679828,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0249253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997519,0.00006226038,0.00001560899,0.0000787841,0.00004756954,0.00004392311],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992637,0.0003671009,0.00009329468,0.0000869229,0.0001443494,0.00004463411],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004221372,0.00004373249,0.003979341,0.00001517966,0.00003698271,0.00003001164,0.0000155394,0.9867722,0.001044859,0.001029689,0.0002753147,0.006714879],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003864942,0.000006638691,0.0002725852,0.000001104583,0.000002727719,0.000001965787,0.000001232249,0.9993272,0.0001285894,0.0001835306,0.00006851232,0.000002055855],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5476226,0.000267532,0.4416688,0.0005135499,0.00008528447,0.0001573324,0.001454468,0.002257712,0.005972648],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9547532,0.00007086452,0.04295428,0.00006504072,0.00002902331,0.0001136608,0.0008976524,0.000105873,0.001010396],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03679828,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07316816,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03181990721982618,"score_gpt":0.2649976604740711,"score_spread":0.2331777532542449,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}