{"id":"W4409400123","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v17n5p26","title":"Navigating Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Investment Over Four Decades","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Economics and Finance","topic":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Investment (military); Public investment; Economics; Economic growth; Business; Political science; Public economics; Law; Public fund","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008724215,0.00007522602,0.0002465237,0.0001087465,0.00006590539,0.00009177878,0.0002492444,0.00003848768,0.000006955934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006897147,0.00008169881,0.00002724406,0.00003725035,0.0001419182,0.0003814516,0.00008582824,0.0001443443,6.681414e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003645071,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002118985,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003309479,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001157113,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990962,0.00006284401,0.0005530926,0.0001304007,0.00004957229,0.0001079091],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991227,0.0001980633,0.0005322236,0.00003842403,0.0000796121,0.00002899207],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004656595,0.0001602753,0.6799605,0.000005568088,0.0002484678,0.000006000979,0.02070366,0.0007320496,0.00000470514,0.2906587,0.00009885291,0.00737461],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003747997,0.0001615807,0.8516196,0.0002595941,0.00001749921,0.000009078128,0.01599698,0.002474536,0.0001073573,0.1179965,0.007366731,0.0002425687],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960185,0.0002483895,0.0000106085,0.001720277,0.000472422,0.0001259604,0.00000514133,0.000001286941,0.001397423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959028,0.00308933,0.0007319471,0.0001722316,0.00005803116,0.000005558738,4.005007e-7,0.000002916501,0.00003679127],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1726623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3331581,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0432545598903434,"score_gpt":0.3365866638323446,"score_spread":0.2933321039420012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}